Nutrition Facts for Pork Chops Lean. Nutrition Facts for Skirt Steak. Nutrition Facts for Brown Rice. Nutrition Facts for Dry Roasted Peanuts.
Nutrition Facts for Avocados. Nutrition Facts for Cooked Green Peas. Nutrition Facts for Mashed Sweet Potatoes. Protect Against Heart Disease - Niacin is prescribed pharmacologically to lower LDL fats and triglycerides by preventing the breakdown of fats into these individual components. This makes these tasty fungi a good option for vegetarians or vegans looking for natural sources of niacin. Mushrooms grown under sunlamps also produce vitamin D and are one of the best plant-based food sources of this vitamin Interestingly, studies have found that consuming vitamin D through mushrooms is as effective as supplements for raising vitamin D levels in deficient adults Studies show that peas are also high in antioxidants and other compounds that may reduce your risk of cancer, lower cholesterol levels and promote the growth of healthy gut bacteria White potatoes are a good source of niacin — with or without the skin 46 , One large baked potato provides 4.
According to one review, brown Russet potatoes pack the highest amount of niacin out of any type of potato — with 2 mg per grams Sweet potatoes are also a good source, providing roughly the same amount of niacin as the average white potato 47 , Many foods are fortified or enriched with niacin, transforming them from poor sources of this nutrient to good ones.
Fortified foods are supplemented with extra nutrients, while enriched foods have nutrients added back that had been lost during processing Many breakfast cereals and refined grain products like white bread and pasta are enriched or fortified with niacin to improve their nutrient content One study found that the average American gets more niacin in their diet from fortified and enriched products than from natural food sources Among other things, niacin aids your metabolism and nervous system.
Many foods are rich in niacin , especially animal products like meat, fish and poultry. Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals and refined grain products are typically fortified or enriched with niacin, making them one of the main niacin sources in the average American diet.
Niacin vitamin B3 is a very important nutrient for your body. It has many health benefits, along with several side effects if you take large doses…. High doses of niacin can cause niacin flush, which appears as red skin that may itch or burn.
Many people boast the benefits of vitamin B-3 for treating depression. We'll explain what science says and how a niacin deficiency may be connected. Cholesterol often gets a bad rap. Breakfast cereals boast impressive health claims, but many are high in sugar and refined carbs. Here is everything you need to know about these….
Whole grains have many legitimate health benefits. This article lists the top nine benefits of whole grains, as well as who might want to avoid them.
Learn more about what causes it and whether it can be treated. Choline is an essential nutrient that has many benefits for your health. This is a detailed review of choline and its health effects. Vitamin D has numerous health benefits, but it's tricky to know which supplement to choose. Here are 13 of the best vitamin D supplements, according…. Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Here are 16 foods high in niacin. Share on Pinterest. Although frank niacin deficiencies leading to pellagra are very rare in the United States, some individuals have marginal or low niacin status [ 2 , 19 , 21 , 22 ].
Niacin inadequacy usually arises from insufficient intakes of foods containing niacin and tryptophan. It can also be caused by factors that reduce the conversion of tryptophan to niacin, such as low intakes of other nutrients [ 2 , 21 ].
The following groups are among those most likely to have inadequate niacin status. People with undernutrition People who are undernourished because they live in poverty or have anorexia, alcohol use disorder, AIDS, inflammatory bowel disease, or liver cirrhosis often have inadequate intakes of niacin and other nutrients [ 2 , 19 , 21 , 22 ]. People with Hartnup disease Hartnup disease is a rare genetic disorder involving the renal, intestinal, and cellular transport processes for several amino acids, including tryptophan.
The disease interferes with the absorption of tryptophan in the small intestine and increases its loss in the urine via the kidneys [ 2 , 22 , 23 ]. As a result, the body has less available tryptophan to convert to niacin. People with carcinoid syndrome Carcinoid syndrome is caused by slow-growing tumors in the gastrointestinal tract that release serotonin and other substances.
It is characterized by facial flushing, diarrhea, and other symptoms. In those with carcinoid syndrome, tryptophan is preferentially oxidized to serotonin and not metabolized to niacin [ 2 ].
Cardiovascular disease Very high doses of nicotinic acid—more than times the RDA—taken for months or years are effective treatments for dyslipidemias. Nicotinamide does not have this effect because, unlike nicotinic acid, it does not bind to the receptors that mediate nicotinic acid's effects on lipid profiles [ 1 ].
Together, these changes in lipid parameters might be expected to reduce the risk of first-time or subsequent cardiac events, such as heart attacks and strokes, in adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, despite dozens of published clinical trials, experts do not agree on the value of nicotinic acid to treat cardiovascular disease, especially given its side effects, safety concerns, and poor patient compliance [ 24 ].
Those taking nicotinic acid lowered their serum cholesterol levels by an average of 9. During 5 to 8. Their overall rates of mortality and cause-specific mortality, including from coronary heart disease, did not decline.
Statin medications have become the treatment of choice for hyperlipidemia and lowering the risks of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. For this reason, clinical trials of nicotinic acid in the past several decades have examined whether it provides any additional cardiovascular protection to people taking statins [ 28 ].
Furthermore, the nicotinic acid group had a significantly greater risk of diabetes, gastrointestinal dyspepsia, diarrhea, ulceration, bleeding events in the gut and brain, and skin rashes and ulcerations.
The results also showed that patients taking niacin had an increased risk of ischemic stroke. The authors of two systematic reviews examining the clinical trial data concluded that nicotinic acid therapy provides little if any protection from atherosclerotic heart disease, even though the therapy raises HDL cholesterol levels and lowers total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.
One of these reviews examined 23 randomized controlled trials of moderate to high quality in 39, participants aged years average 65 years; majority were male. Some had experienced a heart attack, and most were taking a statin. Overall, use of nicotinic acid did not reduce overall mortality or cardiovascular mortality rates or the number of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarctions or strokes.
Eighteen percent of participants taking nicotinic acid discontinued treatment because of side effects. The second review examined 13 randomized controlled trials with 35, participants with, or at risk of, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [ 32 ]. Overall, the addition of nicotinic acid supplementation dose range not specified to statin therapy taken for a mean of 33 months with a broad range of 6 to 60 months did not lead to significant reductions in rates of all-cause or cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, or stroke.
Nicotinic acid treatment was associated with a significantly higher risk of gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal adverse events. In addition, four of the studies that examined diabetes as an outcome found that the patients taking niacin had a significantly higher risk of developing the disease.
In their guidelines for lowering blood cholesterol levels, the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association advise that nonstatin therapies, compared with or in addition to statin therapy, do not provide atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk-reduction benefits that outweigh the potential harms of their adverse effects [ 28 ].
Their joint statement about monitoring supplement users who take niacin to reduce hyperlipidemia risk for adverse effects is described in the Health Risks from Excessive Niacin section below. In their report, these two professional societies stated what although niacin may be useful in some cases of severe hypertriglyceridemia, it has only mild LDL-lowering effects. The societies therefore do not recommend using it as an add-on drug to statin therapy [ 34 ]. Overall, the evidence indicates that nicotinic acid supplementation improves blood lipid profiles but has no significant effects on risk of cardiovascular events.
Although nicotinic acid is a nutrient, if very high doses thousands of mg are taken to treat hyperlipidemias, the supplement is being used as a drug. Such doses should only be taken with medical approval and supervision. No adverse effects have been reported from the consumption of naturally occurring niacin in foods [ 2 ]. However, high intakes of both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide taken as a dietary supplement or medication can cause adverse effects, although their toxicity profiles are not the same.
The flushing is accompanied by burning, tingling, and itching sensations [ 2 , 12 , 35 ]. These signs and symptoms are typically transient and can occur within 30 minutes of intake or over days or weeks with repeated dosing; they are considered an unpleasant, rather than a toxic, side effect. Supplement users can reduce the flushing effects by taking nicotinic acid supplements with food, slowly increasing the dose over time, or simply waiting for the body to develop a natural tolerance.
Many of these effects have occurred in patients taking high-dose nicotinic acid supplements to treat hyperlipidemias. These adverse effects can include hypotension severe enough to increase the risk of falls; fatigue; impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance; gastrointestinal effects, such as nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain; and ocular effects, such as blurred or impaired vision and macular edema a buildup of fluid at the center of the retina.
High doses of nicotinic acid taken over months or years can also be hepatotoxic; effects can include increased levels of liver enzymes; hepatic dysfunction resulting in fatigue, nausea, and anorexia; hepatitis; and acute liver failure [ 2 , 12 , 28 , 36 ].
Hepatotoxicity is more likely to occur with the use of extended-release forms of nicotinic acid [ 12 , 37 , 38 ]. To minimize the risk of adverse effects from nicotinic acid supplementation or to identify them before they become serious, the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association recommend measuring hepatic transaminase, fasting blood glucose or hemoglobin A1C, and uric acid levels in all supplement users before they start therapy, while the dose is being increased to a maintenance level, and every 6 months thereafter [ 28 ].
The societies also recommend that patients not use nicotinic acid supplements or stop using them if their hepatic transaminase levels are more than two or three times the upper limits of normal; if they develop persistent hyperglycemia, acute gout, unexplained abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, new-onset atrial fibrillation, or weight loss; or if they have persistent and severe skin reactions, such as flushing or rashes. Nicotinamide does not cause skin flushing and has fewer adverse effects than nicotinic acid, and these effects typically begin with much higher doses [ 12 ].
The FNB has established ULs for niacin that apply only to supplemental niacin for healthy infants, children, and adults [ 2 ]. These ULs are based on the levels associated with skin flushing. The FNB acknowledges that although excess nicotinamide does not cause flushing, a UL for nicotinic acid based on flushing can prevent the potential adverse effects of nicotinamide [ 2 ]. The UL, therefore, applies to both forms of supplemental niacin. However, the UL does not apply to individuals who are receiving supplemental niacin under medical supervision [ 2 ].
Niacin can interact with certain medications, and several types of medications might adversely affect niacin levels. A few examples are provided below. Individuals taking these and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their niacin status with their healthcare providers.
In addition, isoniazid can interfere with niacin's conversion to NAD [ 42 ]. Although pellagra can occur in patients with tuberculosis treated with isoniazid, it can be prevented with increased intakes of niacin. Antidiabetes medications Large doses of nicotinic acid can raise blood glucose levels by causing or aggravating insulin resistance and increasing hepatic production of glucose [ 42 ].
Some studies have found that nicotinic acid doses of 1. People who take any antidiabetes medications should have their blood glucose levels monitored if they take high-dose nicotinic acid supplements concomitantly because they might require dose adjustments [ 42 ].
The federal government's — Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods.
In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients e. For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U. Department of Agriculture's MyPlate. This fact sheet by the Office of Dietary Supplements ODS provides information that should not take the place of medical advice.
We encourage you to talk to your healthcare providers doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. Updated: March 26, History of changes to this fact sheet.
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